Tirzepatide Medicine

BACK MATTER / REFERENCES

Every claim, its source.

The complete reference list — twenty primary sources covering the SURPASS, SURMOUNT, SUMMIT, SYNERGY-NASH, and SURPASS-CVOT trial programs, plus the mechanism and pharmacokinetics literature.

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Primary literature

Every numbered citation on this site corresponds to one entry in the list below. Where a DOI exists we link to the publisher's landing page; where an open-access version exists at PMC we provide that link as well. The list is editorial — we cite what we read, not every paper that mentions tirzepatide.

  1. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. ↗
  2. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide approvals 2022-2024 (type 2 diabetes; chronic weight management; obstructive sleep apnea with obesity). ↗
  4. Battelino T, Bergenstal RM, Rodríguez A, et al. Time spent in glycaemic control with sustained body weight reduction with tirzepatide: A post hoc analysis of the SURPASS clinical trial programme. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  5. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. ↗
  6. Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393:26-36. ↗
  7. Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  8. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  9. Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, Buse JB, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  10. Coskun T, Sloop KW, Loghin C, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018;18:3-14. ↗
  11. Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of Tirzepatide in Healthy Participants. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022. ↗
  12. Eli Lilly and Company / U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Mounjaro (tirzepatide) prescribing information (2025 revision). ↗
  13. Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119(13):e2116506119. ↗
  14. Kahn SE, Deanfield J, Jeppesen OK, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:66. ↗
  15. Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10402):613-626. ↗
  16. Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2023;29:2909-2918. ↗
  17. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. ↗
  18. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. ↗
  19. Zile MR, Borlaug BA, Kramer CM, et al. Effects of tirzepatide on circulatory overload and end-organ damage in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity: a secondary analysis of the SUMMIT trial. Nat Med. 2025. ↗
  20. Zhang Y, Liu H, Chen Q, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Front Pharmacol. 2025. ↗
  21. Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. ↗
  22. Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. ↗
  23. Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Review. Drugs. 2025. ↗
  24. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. ↗
  25. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. ↗
  26. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  27. Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. ↗
  28. Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  29. Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Body Composition: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  30. Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024. ↗
  31. Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2025. ↗
  32. Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  33. Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. ↗
  34. Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Healthcare (Basel). 2025. ↗
  35. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. ↗
  36. Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss — chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023. ↗